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<title>Mapuche silverwork</title>

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Mapuche silverwork

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Mapuche silverwork is one of the best known aspects of <a href="Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a> material culture.<a href="#cite_note-Painecura15-2">[2]</a> The adornments have been subject to changes in fashion but some designs have resisted change.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_tradition_of_gold_adornments">Prior tradition of gold adornments</h3></div>

Mapuche people had a gold-related cultural tradition that predates the <a href="Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Inca invasion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indag2021-3">[3]</a> In the 16th century, at the time of the <a href="Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish conquest of Chile</a>, Mapuches are reported by various chroniclers to have used gold adornments.<a href="#cite_note-indag2021-3">[3]</a> According to Zavala and co-workers (2021) the widespread gold-related toponyms in Mapuche lands and early Spanish reports of gold objects, plus the easiness for the Spanish to find gold mines suggests that gold mining did occur in Pre-Hispanic Chile south of <a href="Itata_River" title="Itata River">Itata River</a>, well beyond the borders of the Inca Empire.<a href="#cite_note-fuentestemp-4">[4]</a>

Historian <a href="Jos%C3%A9_Toribio_Medina" title="José Toribio Medina">José Toribio Medina</a> posits that most of the Mapuche gold adornments were despoiled by the Spanish during the conquest.<a href="#cite_note-indag2021-3">[3]</a> Local folklore says much gold was also hidden from the Spanish and gold mines collapsed on purpose.<a href="#cite_note-indag2021-3">[3]</a> Gold mining became a <a href="Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> among Mapuches in <a href="Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">colonial times</a>, and gold mining prohibited under death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-indag2021-3">[3]</a> Prior to the <a href="Destruction_of_the_Seven_Cities" title="Destruction of the Seven Cities">Destruction of the Seven Cities</a> serving the Spanish in gold mining had been a deadly activity that killed many Mapuches.<a href="#cite_note-BengoaAntiguo252-253-5">[5]</a> Some 17th-century Spanish sources specifically reject the notion that Mapuche used gold adornments or valued the metal.<a href="#cite_note-indag2021-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_silverwork">Development of silverwork</h3></div>

During the latter half of the 18th century, Mapuche <a href="Silversmith" title="Silversmith">silversmiths</a> began to produce large amounts of silver finery.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-6">[6]</a> The surge of silversmithing activity may be related to the <a href="Parliament_of_Quill%C3%ADn_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Quillín (1641)">1641 parliament of Quillín</a> and the <a href="1726_parliament_of_Negrete" class="mw-redirect" title="1726 parliament of Negrete">1726 parliament of Negrete</a> that decreased hostilities between Spaniards and Mapuches and allowed trade to increase between <a href="Colonial_Chile" title="Colonial Chile">colonial Chile</a> and the free Mapuches.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Painecura25-26-7">[7]</a> In this context of increasing trade, Mapuches began in the late 18th century to accept payments in <a href="Silver_coin" title="Silver coin">silver coins</a> for their products; usually cattle or horses.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-6">[6]</a> These coins and silver coins obtained in political negotiations served as raw material for Mapuche metalsmiths (<a href="Mapudungun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun">Mapudungun</a>: rüxafe).<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Painecura25-26-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kangiser-8">[8]</a> By the 18th century silver had effectively filled the place gold previously had in Mapuche culture.<a href="#cite_note-indag2021-3">[3]</a> Old Mapuche silver <a href="Pendant" title="Pendant">pendants</a> often included unmelted silver coins, a circumstance which has helped modern researchers to date the objects.<a href="#cite_note-Kangiser-8">[8]</a> The bulk of the Spanish silver coins originated from mining in <a href="Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a> in <a href="Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Painecura25-26-7">[7]</a> The foreign origin of most silver (liqen, lien, lighen) explains why there is scarcity of silver-related Mapuche placenames relative to those referring to gold (milla).<a href="#cite_note-indag2021-3">[3]</a>

The great diversity in silver finery designs is indebted to the fact that designs were done to be identified with different reynma (families), lof mapu (lands) as well as specific <a href="Lonko" title="Lonko">lonkos</a> and <a href="Machi_(shaman)" title="Machi (shaman)">machis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Painecura27-28-9">[9]</a> Mapuche silver finery was also subject to changes in <a href="Fashion" title="Fashion">fashion</a> albeit designs associated with philosophical and spiritual concepts have not undergone major changes.<a href="#cite_note-Painecura27-28-9">[9]</a>

In late 18th century and early 19th century, Mapuche silversmithing activity and artistic diversity reached it climax.<a href="#cite_note-Painecura30-10">[10]</a> All important Mapuche chiefs of the 19th century are supposed to have had at least one silversmith.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-6">[6]</a> The <a href="Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">1869 war between Chile and independent Mapuches</a> provoked a famine among Mapuches in the winter of 1869, with the situation being worsened by a <a href="Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> epidemic.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa224-11">[11]</a> This situation led some Mapuches to sell their silver adornments in the towns of <a href="La_Frontera%2C_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="La Frontera, Chile">La Frontera</a> to obtain food.<a href="#cite_note-Bengoa224-11">[11]</a>

As of 1984, Mapuche scholar Carlos Aldunate noted that there were no silversmiths alive among contemporary Mapuches.<a href="#cite_note-Aldunate-6">[6]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2></div>

Although these adornments showed some variation in form, the principal one appears to be a set of three separate columns of flattened silver links joined to each other by square alternating links. At the top of the set of columns, and holding them together, is a flat two-headed bird figure and at the base is a flat semicircle or trapezoid that usually has a series of small disks dangling from its base. The wearer would place the object hanging from his/ her neck and down the chest.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFThiers2007" class="citation book cs1">Thiers, Karin M (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/jsalot/docs/reflejos">Reflejos plateados de la Luna</a>. Valparaíso, Chile.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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<li id="cite_note-Painecura15-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Painecura15_2-0">^</a> Painecura 2011, p. 15.

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<li id="cite_note-indag2021-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-indag2021_3-7">h</a> <cite id="CITEREFPayàs_PuigarnauVillena_Araya2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Payàs Puigarnau, Getrudis; Villena Araya, Belén (2021-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0718-10432021000100309&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en">"Indagaciones en torno al significado del oro en la cultura mapuche. Una exploración de fuentes y algo más"</a> [Inquiries on the Meaning of Gold in Mapuche Culture. A review of sources and something more]. <a href="Estudios_Atacame%C3%B1os" title="Estudios Atacameños">Estudios Atacameños</a> (in Spanish). 67. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22199%2Fissn.0718-1043-2021-0028">10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0028</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244279716">244279716</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-fuentestemp-4"><a href="#cite_ref-fuentestemp_4-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZavalaDillehayDaniel_M.Payàs2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zavala, José Manuel; <a href="Tom_Dillehay" title="Tom Dillehay">Dillehay, Tom D.</a>; Daniel M., Stewart; Payàs, Gertrudis; Medianero, Francisco Javier (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=S0717-88322021000200138&script=sci_arttext#fn84">"Los mapuche de Concepción y la frontera inca: revisión de fuentes tempranas y nuevos datos"</a> [The Mapuche of Concepción and the Inca Frontier: Review of Early Sources and New Data]. Revista de Historia (in Spanish). 28 (2): 138–168. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29393%2Frh28-30mcjf50030">10.29393/rh28-30mcjf50030</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-BengoaAntiguo252-253-5"><a href="#cite_ref-BengoaAntiguo252-253_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBengoa2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">Bengoa, José</a> (2003). Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur (in Spanish). Santiago: <a href="Catalonia_(publisher)" title="Catalonia (publisher)">Catalonia</a>. pp. 252–253. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-956-8303-02-0</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Aldunate-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldunate_6-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFAldunate1984" class="citation journal cs1">Aldunate, Carlos (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203065926/http://repositoriodigital.uct.cl:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/329/CUHSO_0716-1557_03_1984_1_art1.pdf?sequence=1">"Reflexiones acerca de la platería mapuche"</a> (PDF). Cultura-Hombre-Sociedad. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositoriodigital.uct.cl:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/329/CUHSO_0716-1557_03_1984_1_art1.pdf?sequence=1">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Painecura25-26-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura25-26_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura25-26_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura25-26_7-2">c</a> Painecura 2011, pp. 25-26.

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<li id="cite_note-Kangiser-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kangiser_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kangiser_8-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKangiser_Gómez2002" class="citation journal cs1">Kangiser Gómez, María Fernanda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234953/http://www.museodevalparaiso.cl/dinamicas/DocAdjunto_27.pdf">"Conservación en platería mapuche: Museo Fonck, Viña del Mar"</a> (PDF). Conserva. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museodevalparaiso.cl/dinamicas/DocAdjunto_27.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Painecura27-28-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura27-28_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Painecura27-28_9-1">b</a> Painecura 2011, pp. 27-28.

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<li id="cite_note-Painecura30-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Painecura30_10-0">^</a> Painecura 2011, p. 30.

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<li id="cite_note-Bengoa224-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa224_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bengoa224_11-1">b</a> Bengoa 2000, p. 224.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBengoa2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Bengoa" title="José Bengoa">Bengoa, José</a> (2000). Historia del pueblo mapuche: Siglos XIX y XX (Seventh ed.). <a href="LOM_Ediciones" title="LOM Ediciones">LOM Ediciones</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>956-282-232-X</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPainecura_Antinao2011" class="citation book cs1">Painecura Antinao, Juan (2011). Charu. Sociedad y cosmovisión en la platería mapuche.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mapuche_silverwork" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mapuche silverwork">Mapuche silverwork</a> at Wikimedia Commons

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmai.si.edu/searchcollections/results.aspx?regid=307">National Museum of the American Indian−NMAI.edu: Mapuche Silverwork</a> — in the collection of the <a href="National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="National Museum of the American Indian">Smithsonian NMAI</a>.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Mapuche181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Mapuche" title="Mapuche">Mapuche</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Huilliche_language" title="Huilliche language">Huilliche</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapudungun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapudungun language">Mapudungun</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Mapudungun_placenames" title="List of Mapudungun placenames">Placenames</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tsesung%C3%BAn_dialect" title="Tsesungún dialect">Tsesungún</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aillarehue" title="Aillarehue">Aillarehue</a></li>

<li><a href="Butalmapu" title="Butalmapu">Butalmapu</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemamull" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemamull">Chemamull</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li>

<li><a href="Lonko" title="Lonko">Lonko</a></li>

<li><a href="Machi_(shaman)" title="Machi (shaman)">Machi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_medicine" title="Mapuche medicine">Medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_military" title="Mapuche military">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapuche mythology">Mythology</a></li>

<li><a href="Polygamy_in_Mapuche_culture" title="Polygamy in Mapuche culture">Polygamy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rehue" title="Rehue">Rehue</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Textiles</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulmen_(Mapuche)" title="Ulmen (Mapuche)">Ulmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Wampu" title="Wampu">Wampu</a></li>

<li><a href="Weichafe" title="Weichafe">Weichafe</a></li>

<li><a href="Werk%C3%A9n" title="Werkén">Werkén</a></li>

<li><a href="We_Tripantu" title="We Tripantu">We Tripantu</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_of_the_Mapuches" title="Flag of the Mapuches">Wenufoye</a></li>

<li><a href="Gu%C3%B1elve" title="Guñelve">Wünelfe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boroanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Boroanos">Boroanos</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuncos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuncos">Cuncos</a></li>

<li><a href="Huilliche_people" title="Huilliche people">Huilliche</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapochoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mapochoes">Mapochoes</a></li>

<li><a href="Moluche" title="Moluche">Moluche</a></li>

<li><a href="Pehuenche_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehuenche people">Pehuenche</a></li>

<li><a href="Promaucaes" class="mw-redirect" title="Promaucaes">Promaucaes</a></li>

<li><a href="Puelche_people" title="Puelche people">Puelche</a></li>

<li><a href="Picunche" title="Picunche">Picunche</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranquel" title="Ranquel">Ranquel</a></li>

<li><a href="Tehuelche_people" title="Tehuelche people">Tehuelche</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mapuche_history" title="Mapuche history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Origin_of_the_Mapuche" title="Origin of the Mapuche">Origin</a></li>

<li><a href="Incas_in_Central_Chile" title="Incas in Central Chile">Inca invasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Battle_of_the_Maule" title="Battle of the Maule">Battle of the Maule</a></li>

<li><a href="Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Spanish Conquest</a></li>

<li><a href="Arauco_War" title="Arauco War">Arauco War</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery_of_Mapuches" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery of Mapuches">Slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Mal%C3%B3n" title="Malón">Malón</a></li>

<li><a href="Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization of Patagonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_uprising_of_1723" title="Mapuche uprising of 1723">1723 uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_uprising_of_1766" title="Mapuche uprising of 1766">1766 uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Guerra_a_muerte" title="Guerra a muerte">Guerra a muerte</a></li>

<li><a href="Camino_de_los_chilenos" title="Camino de los chilenos">Camino de los chilenos</a></li>

<li><a href="Desert_Campaign_(1833%E2%80%931834)" title="Desert Campaign (1833–1834)">Desert Campaign (1833–1834)</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingdom_of_Araucania_and_Patagonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia">Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia</a></li>

<li><a href="Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_uprising_of_1881" title="Mapuche uprising of 1881">1881 uprising</a></li>

<li><a href="Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche conflict</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parliaments11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Paicaví (1612)</li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Quill%C3%ADn_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Quillín (1641)">Quillín (1641)</a></li>

<li>Quillín (1647)</li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Boroa" title="Parliament of Boroa">Boroa (1651)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Malloco" title="Parliament of Malloco">Malloco (1671)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Negrete_(1726)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1726)">Negrete (1726)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Negrete_(1793)" title="Parliament of Negrete (1793)">Negrete (1793)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Las_Canoas" title="Parliament of Las Canoas">Las Canoas (1793)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Tapihue_(1825)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Tapihue (1825)">Tapihue (1825)</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliament_of_Tolt%C3%A9n" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Toltén">Toltén (1869)</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-28" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mapuche_silverwork&oldid=1292772652">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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